C# 7.0 in a nutshell pdf download

Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. How to Visualize Data with D3 [Video]. How to Visualize Data with R [Video]. Events are function members that simplify acting on object state changes.

While C is primarily an object-oriented language, it also borrows from the functional programming paradigm. Through the use of delegates , C allows functions to be passed as values to and from other functions. Core to functional programming is avoiding the use of variables whose values change, in favor of declarative patterns.

C also makes it easy to define read-only fields and properties for writing immutable read-only types. For instance, C prevents you from interacting with a string type as though it were an integer type. More specifically, C supports static typing , meaning that the language enforces type safety at compile time. This is in addition to type safety being enforced at runtime. Static typing eliminates a large class of errors before a program is even run.

It shifts the burden away from runtime unit tests onto the compiler to verify that all the types in a program fit together correctly. This makes large programs much easier to manage, more predictable, and more robust.

Furthermore, static typing allows tools such as IntelliSense in Visual Studio to help you write a program, since it knows for a given variable what type it is, and hence what methods you can call on that variable.

C also allows parts of your code to be dynamically typed via the dynamic keyword. However, C remains a predominantly statically typed language. C is also called a strongly typed language because its type rules whether enforced statically or at runtime are very strict. This helps prevent mistakes. Strong typing also plays a role in enabling C code to run in a sandbox —an environment where every aspect of security is controlled by the host.

In a sandbox, it is important that you cannot arbitrarily corrupt the state of an object by bypassing its type rules. C relies on the runtime to perform automatic memory management. The Common Language Runtime has a garbage collector that executes as part of your program, reclaiming memory for objects that are no longer referenced. C does not eliminate pointers: it merely makes them unnecessary for most programming tasks.

For performance-critical hotspots and interoperability, pointers and explicit memory allocation is permitted in blocks that are marked unsafe. Historically, C was used almost entirely for writing code to run on Windows platforms. NET Core is a cross-platform lightweight web hosting framework that can run either on the. NET Framework or on. NET Core, an open source cross-platform runtime. C depends on a runtime equipped with a host of features such as automatic memory management and exception handling.

At the core of the Microsoft. NET Core and Xamarin frameworks provide similar runtimes. The CLR is language-neutral, allowing developers to build applications in multiple languages e. C is one of several managed languages that get compiled into managed code.

Managed code is represented in Intermediate Language or IL. Ahead-of-time compilation is also available to improve startup time with large assemblies or resource-constrained devices and to satisfy iOS app store rules when developing with Xamarin. The container for managed code is called an assembly or portable executable.

An assembly can be an executable file. The presence of metadata allows assemblies to reference types in other assemblies without needing additional files. Because IL is higher-level than native machine code, the decompiler can do quite a good job of reconstructing the original C. A program can query its own metadata reflection , and even generate new IL at runtime reflection.

The libraries consist of core libraries which this book is concerned with and applied libraries, which depend on the core libraries. Figure is a visual overview of those libraries and also serves as a navigational aid to the book. The Microsoft. Over the years, other frameworks have emerged to support other platforms. There are currently three major players besides the.

NET Framework, all of which are currently owned by Microsoft:. Your app runs in a sandbox to lessen the threat of malware, prohibiting operations such as reading or writing arbitrary files. An open source framework originally based on a cut-down version of the. Unlike the. NET Framework,. NET Framework 4. Uniquely organized around concepts and use cases, this fourth edition includes in-depth coverage of new C topics such as parallel programming, code contracts, dynamic programming, security, and COM interoperability.

This book has all the essential details to keep you on track with C 4. Get up to speed on C language basics, including syntax, types, and variables Explore advanced topics such as unsafe code and preprocessor directives Learn C 4. NET 4's rich set of features for parallel programming, code contracts, and the code security model Learn. Uniquely organized around concepts and use cases, this updated fifth edition features a reorganized section on concurrency, threading, and parallel programming—including in-depth coverage of C 5.

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